ADS-B Out refers to an aircraft equipped with a transponder that broadcasts its position and other information such as airspeed altitude etc. ADS-B out transponders do not broadcast any weather or traffic information.Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) systems can broadcast satellite-based aircraft position, identification, etc., periodically, and are now on track to replace radar to become the backbone of next-generation air traffic management (ATM) systems. However, ADS-B systems suffer severe cyber-security problems due to the broadcast-type data link and the lack of designed-in security measures.

ADS-B Inwhich is optionalgenerally refers to transmission of weather and traffic information from ground stations into the cockpit, where it can be displayed on panel-mounted avionics or a. ADS-B Outrequired in the ADS-B rule airspace defined by FAR 91.225broadcasts GPS position to ground stations and directly to equipped aircraft. In this paper, based on identity-based signature with message recovery (IBS-MR), an efficient broadcast authentication scheme for ADS-B messages is proposed. The security analysis demonstrates that the scheme can achieve authenticity and integrity of ADS-B broadcast messages, as well as adaptive evolution of broadcastersвЂ™ private keys. The performance evaluation shows that the scheme is computationally efficient for typical avionics devices with limited resources. Furthermore, the scheme achieves low communication overhead since broadcast messages can be recovered from signatures, and thus it is suitable for low-bandwidth ADS-B data link.MLAT ground stations receive replies from all transponder-equipped aircraft, including legacy radar and ADS-B avionics, and determine aircraft position based on.

Pretty much all of the applications provide a graphic presentation as does ForeFlight, but this doesn't lend itself to determining the locations, so I have only used ForeFlight for this purpose.the needs for ADS-B coverage in Alaska, and if they can find sufficient need to justify it, we could see an expansion of the ground station network.As of this post, I have collected the locations of 459 GBT stations. Other applications and ADS-B receivers are capable of providing this information, but so far, only ForeFlight provides an actual position of the stations. They are able to display the latitude and longitude of all GBT locations being received at the time and have provided me with screen shots that I enter into my ForeFlight iPad as user waypoints. So I have been crowd sourcing the information from pilots who have the ForeFlight App and a Stratus ADS-B receiver. I tried to get this information from the FAA, but they declined.

Since I don't yet have all the roughly 800 planned stations, it is helpful for those who have ForeFlight to know which ones I have already been provided and to identify new stations that can be added to the collection. Also, the file can be downloaded to ForeFlight as a collection of user waypoints. The file can be downloaded and if you click on it, it will open Google earth and show the locations.

For the names in the CONUS, I used the following conventions:1) If the GBT was not located at an airport, I used the two character state identifier followed by a sequential three digit number, so NC001 is the first one I recorded in North Carolina and NC005 is the fifth one I recorded. This should make it easy for a pilot to see a new station that isn't included and send it to me.If you wish to send me screenshots from ForeFlight, please send them to my email at Also, please please please please change the ForeFlight setting for displaying latitude/longitude from the default setting of DD.dd to DD MM SS, otherwise I won't be able to plot them.The instructions for downloading the file to ForeFlight are found at The name of the waypoints is of my own invention, except for Alaska where I used the FAA names. I then had to determine if any were new or not and add just the new ones.

Knowing where the GBT stations are located, one can determine before or in flight where services can be expected. I obtained a list of the locations for the Alaska from a public FAA document that must not have gotten the message.There are two primary uses of the data. The fact that each GBT broadcasts its exact position and that I could collect this information freely didn't seem to make a difference. Here is a screenshot from my computer for the locations I have collected.Click to expand.The answer I got was that it was sensitive data. If the airport was of the three character variety, I used the airport ID with a letter A appended to the name for the same reason, to distinguish it from the airport.Even if you don't have ForeFlight, you can view the locations using Google earth by downloading the file and clicking on the download. The reason I did this was that some of the larger airports have two to four GBT locations and I needed to use a user waypoint identifier that would not conflict with the ICAO identifier.

The second use is that one can determine if a route can be expected to have services at the planned altitude. In other cases, the airport has a tower located on the property. In this particular case, the tower was located on a mountain top with line of sight to the airport.

In my case, seeing the location and frequency of NDB stations on the sectional is of no use to me, my ADF was removed from my airplane 14 years ago.Click to expand.Very roughly. It is like everything else, some will be interested in this data, others will not. They just don't indicate the use of the tower.

There is an exception, on the Helicopter charts in the Gulf Coast area, they are marked on those charts. For the most part, they already are on the sectionals as obstacles, but they are not identified. I have supported an open issue at the ACF to include these locations on the sectionals.

If there is just a tower, I know it is new to me and I record the Latitude and Longitude (which is broadcast by the tower) via a screen shot.My list is also downloadable as a KML file and if you click on it, it will show the locations on Google Earth. The application also displays the towers it is receiving and if I have a user waypoint at the same location of the tower, I know I already have it in my list. I download them to my ForeFlight as user waypoints and can see what is near my position or at least what should be easily received.

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